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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the concept that natural processes can cause organisms to evolve over time. This includes the evolution of new species as well as the alteration of the appearance of existing species.

This is evident in many examples, including stickleback fish varieties that can thrive in saltwater or fresh water and walking stick insect species that are apprehensive about particular host plants. These reversible traits cannot explain fundamental changes to the basic body plan.

Evolution through Natural Selection

The evolution of the myriad living creatures on Earth is an enigma that has intrigued scientists for many centuries. The most widely accepted explanation is Darwin's natural selection, a process that occurs when better-adapted individuals survive and reproduce more effectively than those that are less well adapted. As time passes, a group of well-adapted individuals expands and eventually becomes a new species.

Natural selection is a process that is cyclical and involves the interaction of three factors including reproduction, variation and inheritance. Variation is caused by mutation and sexual reproduction, both of which increase the genetic diversity of the species. Inheritance is the passing of a person's genetic traits to the offspring of that person, which includes both recessive and dominant alleles. Reproduction is the process of generating fertile, viable offspring. This can be done through sexual or asexual methods.

Natural selection only occurs when all the factors are in balance. If, for example, a dominant gene allele causes an organism reproduce and 에볼루션 바카라 무료 survive more than the recessive gene The dominant allele becomes more common in a population. If the allele confers a negative advantage to survival or decreases the fertility of the population, it will be eliminated. The process is self-reinforced, meaning that a species that has a beneficial trait will survive and reproduce more than an individual with a maladaptive trait. The higher the level of fitness an organism has as measured by its capacity to reproduce and endure, is the higher number of offspring it will produce. People with good traits, like longer necks in giraffes and bright white colors in male peacocks, are more likely to survive and produce offspring, so they will become the majority of the population in the future.

Natural selection is a factor in populations and not on individuals. This is a major distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution that states that animals acquire traits either through the use or absence of use. For instance, if the Giraffe's neck grows longer due to stretching to reach for prey, its offspring will inherit a longer neck. The difference in neck size between generations will increase until the giraffe becomes unable to reproduce with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when alleles from the same gene are randomly distributed in a population. In the end, only one will be fixed (become common enough that it can no more be eliminated through natural selection), and the other alleles diminish in frequency. This can result in a dominant allele at the extreme. Other alleles have been virtually eliminated and heterozygosity diminished to a minimum. In a small population this could result in the complete elimination of recessive alleles. This is known as the bottleneck effect. It is typical of an evolution process that occurs when a large number individuals migrate to form a group.

A phenotypic bottleneck can also occur when the survivors of a disaster such as an epidemic or a massive hunting event, are concentrated into a small area. The surviving individuals will be largely homozygous for the dominant allele which means they will all have the same phenotype, and thus share the same fitness characteristics. This could be caused by earthquakes, war or even plagues. The genetically distinct population, if it is left vulnerable to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens and Ariew utilize a "purely outcome-oriented" definition of drift as any deviation from the expected values for different fitness levels. They give the famous example of twins who are genetically identical and have exactly the same phenotype. However one is struck by lightning and dies, 에볼루션 슬롯 but the other is able to reproduce.

This type of drift is very important in the evolution of an entire species. But, it's not the only method to evolve. Natural selection is the primary alternative, in which mutations and migration keep the phenotypic diversity of a population.

Stephens claims that there is a significant difference between treating drift as a force or as a cause and 에볼루션 룰렛 (intensedebate.com) considering other causes of evolution, such as mutation, selection, and migration as forces or causes. He argues that a causal mechanism account of drift permits us to differentiate it from these other forces, and this distinction is crucial. He further argues that drift has a direction: that is, it tends to eliminate heterozygosity. It also has a specific magnitude which is determined by population size.

Evolution through Lamarckism

In high school, students study biology they are often introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829). His theory of evolution is commonly called "Lamarckism" and it asserts that simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms via the inherited characteristics that result from the organism's natural actions usage, use and disuse. Lamarckism is illustrated through an giraffe's neck stretching to reach higher levels of leaves in the trees. This would result in giraffes passing on their longer necks to offspring, who would then become taller.

Lamarck was a French Zoologist. In his lecture to begin his course on invertebrate Zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th May 1802, he introduced an innovative concept that completely challenged previous thinking about organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living things evolved from inanimate materials by a series of gradual steps. Lamarck was not the first to make this claim, but he was widely thought of as the first to offer the subject a thorough and general explanation.

The most popular story is that Lamarckism grew into an opponent to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and 무료 에볼루션 that the two theories fought it out in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually won and led to the creation of what biologists today call the Modern Synthesis. The Modern Synthesis theory denies that acquired characteristics can be inherited and instead suggests that organisms evolve through the action of environmental factors, like natural selection.

Lamarck and his contemporaries supported the idea that acquired characters could be passed on to the next generation. However, this notion was never a major part of any of their theories on evolution. This is due in part to the fact that it was never tested scientifically.

It has been more than 200 year since Lamarck's birth and in the field of age genomics there is a growing evidence base that supports the heritability of acquired traits. It is sometimes called "neo-Lamarckism" or more commonly, epigenetic inheritance. This is a model that is as valid as the popular neodarwinian model.

Evolution by the process of adaptation

One of the most widespread misconceptions about evolution is that it is a result of a kind of struggle for survival. This view is inaccurate and overlooks other forces that drive evolution. The struggle for survival is more precisely described as a fight to survive within a particular environment, which could be a struggle that involves not only other organisms but also the physical environment itself.

Understanding adaptation is important to understand evolution. It refers to a specific characteristic that allows an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment. It can be a physical structure like fur or feathers. Or it can be a characteristic of behavior, like moving into the shade during the heat, or escaping the cold at night.

An organism's survival depends on its ability to obtain energy from the surrounding environment and interact with other organisms and their physical environments. The organism must have the right genes to produce offspring, and be able to find sufficient food and resources. Moreover, the organism must be capable of reproducing at an optimal rate within its environment.

These factors, in conjunction with gene flow and mutations can cause a shift in the proportion of different alleles within a population’s gene pool. As time passes, this shift in allele frequency can result in the emergence of new traits, and eventually new species.

Many of the characteristics we find appealing in animals and plants are adaptations. For instance lung or gills that extract oxygen from air feathers and fur as insulation long legs to run away from predators and camouflage for hiding. However, a complete understanding of adaptation requires a keen eye to the distinction between the physiological and behavioral traits.

Physical traits such as the thick fur and gills are physical characteristics. Behavior adaptations aren't an exception, for instance, the tendency of animals to seek out companionship or to retreat into the shade during hot temperatures. It is important to note that lack of planning does not cause an adaptation. In fact, failing to consider the consequences of a decision can render it unadaptive even though it appears to be sensible or even necessary.